Monster Book Report Essay - 1538 Words

A History Lesson Alex Moir/February 13, 2001 Mrs. Neitling/Per.4 Kody Scott grew up in South Central L.A. during the nineteen-sixties and seventies, soon after the creation of the Crips. Raised in poverty without a father, and a full family raised solely by his mother, Kody Scott led the stereotypical ghetto life, a poor and broken home. However he does not blame this on his own personal decision to join the Crips while only eleven years old. The allure of the respect and glory that bangers got, along with the unity of the set(name for the specific gang) is what drew him into the gang. Once joined, he vowed to stay in the set for life, and claimed that banging was his life. After many years of still believing this, he†¦show more content†¦After coming and going out of prison, he was struggling between the two lives he was trying to lead, one as a banger and the other as a leader for the Afrikan movement. Being the respected and feared figure he was, he unconsciously was trying to be both, and to mend the two tog ether. However, once out of prison for a while, he knew that this wasnt possible in the real world, like it was in prison. He now had to make a choice. Once in Prison again, after a failed attempt at gang unity, he realized that the Afrikan race as a whole along with his newfound responsibility to his family(wife and kids), was more important than the set, and that he would now leave the set and the gang life. However this was no easy task, as most who attempt to leave the set dont succeed or die trying. It took him a whole three years to leave the Crips. He now, however, unlike before, realized that a banging was wrong for more than just the black on black crime and such, but that it was a matter of morals and family, and he now no longer took pride in his past actions, but still took responsibility for them(page 357). Once out of prison again, he was now out of the set and could start a more normal life with his family and with a real paying job. He was still however part o f the New Afrikan IndependenceShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Percy Jackson And The Sea Of Monster1636 Words   |  7 PagesFor my research project I ve decided to do my report on Greece. I have chosen the book Percy Jackson and the sea of monster. For my project I am trying to explain how there is good vs.evil, acceptance and over coming fear. The context in my essay will included history of Greece which I will talk about later in my report, I will than later talk about the summary of the literature I choose to read, next is my most important part of my report is the literary analysis which I will explain theRead MoreConcept Of Perceived Value Perception And Its Impact On Consumer Oriented1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthe consumption of goods. Monster Energy Drink and big sports brand. 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All over the news and other sources of media there are instances where children die or are traumatized because theyRead MorePatrick Ness A Monster Calls Essay877 Words   |  4 PagesPatrick Ness A Monster Calls, is truly inspiring and an emotional novel for audiences that changes onesâ€⠄¢ perspective towards facing death. Conor’s mother affects the main character of the story (Conor) due to the fact that she has cancer. Conor seems to be maintained and calm since Conors mom is still alive. Because of her sickness, Conor was reunited with his family once again, but he wishes they would both leave since his father and grandmother are trying to make him understand that there’s a

The Vietnam War On The United States - 964 Words

The Vietnam War is a more frequently and familiar name for the Second Indochina War. It was the longest war America has fought in. The Vietnam War had an impact on the American people, since it was the first war to ever be broadcasted on television. The country was able to see what was happening on the battleground. This war would have lasting effects on the United States and the nation it divided. The Vietnam war started way before America became involved (1955–1975). Indochina, which included Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, were all under French colonial rule. The Vietnam communist-nationalist, Vietminh, fought for freedom from the French. The United States sent resources to France to help them defeat the communist risk. In 1961, when John F. Kennedy was inaugurated, the Vietnam war was not a substantial issue. However, Vice President Johnson was sent to Vietnam. Upon his return, he urged Kennedy to grab hold of the conflict. Kennedy decided to send special forces instead of sending combat troops. Kennedy’s secret advisors reported to him that Aerial spraying of herbicides were used to starve the Vietcong of their food and jungle cover. The president was forced to send more troops. Which increased the numbers from 900 to 15,000. Ngo Dinh Diem, the leader of Vietnam at the time, was blamed for worsening the situations of the war. Since he was Catholic and the majority of Vietnam was Buddhist, many South Vietnamese united against the Vietnam leader. In October 1963, aShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War And The United States872 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was unlike any other war in which the United States has participated. The Vietnam War has many unique attributes, beginning with the unclear reason as to why the U.S. became involved in a war that presented no threat to U.S. citizens or national security. Three unique attributes of the Vietnam War that are very interesting are the U.S. combat strategy, the Vietnamese guerrilla warfare, and the MIA issue. The first interesting attribute is the combat strategy used by the American soldiersRead MoreThe United States And The Vietnam War946 Words   |  4 Pagesthe fact that; the Montagnard population is dropping. It was once over 3 million during French colonialism, today the race has dwindle to only a few thousand. As the tension between the Montagnard and Vietnam grow the safer place to be is in Cambodia and the neighbor countries. During the Vietnam War a few U. S Special Forces soldiers set up camps in the central highland, deep in the jungle area to block the road from Viet Cong resupplied route. They encounter a tribesmen â€Å"Montagnard† or â€Å"Yard†Read MoreThe Vietnam War And The United States2269 Words   |  10 PagesThe Vietnam War or the Second Indochina War began in 1955 or ten years after World War 2. 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One side was communist and the other side was a republic. The Viet Cong tried to oppress and take over. The United States reacted to this threat as a communist act and decided to step in and aid the people o f Vietnam. This war was classifiedRead More The United States in the Vietnam War Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States in the Vietnam War Many soldiers have been lost in the different wars that the United States has been involved. Although there have been many wars only one is unique from the others, it is known as the war that was never won or lost. The Vietnam War started out as a conflict but soon escalated into a full-fledged war. Many soldiers have been lost in the Vietnam War. The United States sent many soldiers into the jungles of Indochina trying to stop the spread of communism fromRead MoreThe Vietnam War And The United States Of America1766 Words   |  8 PagesFormer Secretary of State and Vietnam veteran John Kerry said it best when he stated â€Å"In our opinion and from our experience, there is nothing in South Vietnam which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America† and â€Å"To attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos†¦is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy which we feel has torn the country apart† (Goldstein). Th is statement stands true with many Americans as the Vietnam War was the most opposedRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States involvement in the Vietnam War developed into one of the most brutal, yet necessary wars of The Cold War. Although the war was viewed poorly by most, it helped a weak, crumbling South Vietnam stand up to a strong powerful North Vietnam that was forcing communism on them. President Johnson even stated that â€Å"Our objective is the independence of South Vietnam and its freedom from attack.† The United States wanted to stop an oppressive government and to make sure the world is a saferRead MoreThe United States Involvement During The Vietnam War947 Words   |  4 Pagesthose conflicts have turned out into wars. Looking back at America’s â€Å"track record† with war, America has a worthy past of having its citizen’s support. Obviously the two World Wars we not controv ersial. The United States in the Korean War was criticized, fairly, for its strategy, but the need to defend South Korea was never questioned. In only the Vietnam War was the United States’ very participation criticized. This is such a gigantic change with prior wars that it bears study as to why it happened

Dandelions free essay sample

Seven. I would walk on the edge of the cracked, gum stained sidewalk, arms spread wide like a tight ropewalker. I was focused. All my concentration was fixated on not leaning to one side more than the other. The blue car that flashed across the corner of my left eye, the group of teenagers chatting widely on my right side, my mother 10 paces behind me warning me to get down from there or I would hurt myself. All of these crying for my attention, trying to make me lose my focus, as if they knew that if I were to lose focus I would place one foot off the edge and the game would be lost. But to their discontent, their diversions were nothing more than faded colors and noises, which together created a symphony, only aiding in my effort to make it to the end of the block in one, balanced, piece. We will write a custom essay sample on Dandelions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page About half way through the length of the sidewalk, something white in-between the crack on the sidewalk catches my gaze. I kneel down in front of the plant, and watch. Next thing I know, my mother is beside me picking the delicate flower from between its concrete bed. She prompts me to make a wish and then blow it away. I wish for more dandelions along the street so I can have as many more wishes as I want. I suck in as much air as I can, my cheeks inflated as if two balloons sit in the large air filled crevasse I create in my mouth. I blow one long breathe of air directed at the side of the dandelion, and as if it were waiting for one rush of air, it explodes in hundreds, maybe thousands of tiny little white firecrackers, invading the air, slowly, searching for a place to land and begin new life. Ten: I’ve been here for a week, it’s hot and mosquitoes are for some reason angry with me. I’m in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, visiting family members I have never even seen before. They coon all over me, tell me how pretty I am, tell me that you are very tall for you age, just like your daddy, they make me uncomfortable, I want to go back to my room, in New York. I’ve been told I have too many American customs, and so the other children make fun of me. I explore on my own. I walk through the huge land my grandfather owns, I poke at trees to see if I can get a mango to fall, I pull leaves from the trees and feed the stems to the goats, because for some reason they do not like the leaf itself. I sit under a tree and close my eyes as I breathe the salty, ocean filled air. I open my eyes and look around to get a feel of where I really am. And under one of the coconut trees at the far end of the land, a group of white puffs hovering in the air catch my a ttention. Dandelions. In the 40 seconds it takes me to run to the other side, I am running across the Ralph Ave. to avoid the incoming cars, I am racing my cousins to the end of the block, I am running across the edge of the sidewalk, attempting to keep my balance. I run to the flower patch, pick one up and wish that one of these seeds may some how end up somewhere in NYC, and with one swift release of air, it explodes in hundreds, maybe thousands of tiny little white firecrackers, invading the air, slowly, searching for a place to land and begin new life. Seventeen: In the past 13 minutes I played Paul McCarthy’s â€Å"Blackbird† 5 times on my acoustic, each time with cleaner and more precise progressions. This morning I watched â€Å"The King’s Speech† for the 7th time this year. And for the 7th time this year I cried for King George VI 1st wartime speech. Yesterday I finished reading â€Å"The Stranger† by Albert Camus for the 2nd time, and wondered why couldn’t it have been a happier ending, but than I remembered it was an Albert Camus novel. This is a new room, a new home, a new borough, this quiet cricket filled neighborhood is not Brooklyn, and it is much quieter, much more still. I take my dog, Paris, named after the city, for a walk to see the new neighborhood. There is a pond near my home, and decide we should go sit by the pond. As we sit there a family turns around one of the pond’s corners and a mother chases behind her two daughters, who are screaming and laughing in bliss . The little girls run towards a patch of matured dandelions, and close their eyes for a brief moment, they suck in as much air as they could and blow, the dandelions explode in thousands, maybe millions of tiny little white firecrackers, invading the air, slowly, searching for places to land and begin new life. I feel like I am in a familiar place again, I smile, I am free to explore the world.

Biogas as a Renewable Energy Source free essay sample

Biogas is an important renewable source of energy, a source of improved organic fertilizer and a mechanism for wastage management. It is an alternative clean fuel, which can replace fossil fuels. It is a gaseous mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and various other gases produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic material. The ratio of methane and carbon dioxide is 60:40. It is relatively clean burning, no colour and no odour. Methane, is an important greenhouse gas. The residue from biogas burning can be dried and used as fertilizer. The main objective of biogas is to upgrade the sustainable production of renewable energy.Unsatisfactory performance of biogas units occurs mostly due to planning mistakes. The effects of these mistakes may be seen immediately or after several years. Therefore careful planning is important to avoid irreversible stages. As biogas production is expensive, it should not temporary set up. The efficiency of biogas plant can be improved if properly designed. We will write a custom essay sample on Biogas as a Renewable Energy Source or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore determining siting criteria is the initial step in biogas plant. The process begins with the estimation of quantitative and qualitative energy requirements of the customer. Then the biogas generating potential is calculated for the given biomass production and compared to the energy demand. Energy demand and the gas generating potential can not be determined in planning phase. Sizing of plant (digester, gasholder, etc) is the next step in the planning process.The main aim is to develop an android application which shows dimensions of the biogas plant. It can reduce time and effort and avoid errors. The coding is done in Core Java and graphical user interface makes it user friendly. The input is given as size of biogas plant and retention time and output is shown as dimensions of different components such as mixing tank, digester, dome and outlet tank. The computed dimensions are to be compared with the manual calculations.

Competitive Balance in the Sports Fraternity

Introduction Authors and researchers have over time explored competitive balance by identifying the particular aspects of sports that equalizes different teams in the same league. This ensures that teams are motivated to compete and the fans on the other hand appreciate the fairness in the sport.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Competitive Balance in the Sports Fraternity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also point out that competitive balance makes the entire sports industry vibrant as it ensures that teams are motivated to win so as to make even more money, not only in their home grounds, but also in the away matches that they take part in (Palomino Rigotti, 2000). The increased concern over competitive balance is based on the current lucrative condition of the sports industry as it has been identified that a lot of money is spent not only in the stadiums in terms of entry fees, but also in television p ayments as well. It has also been identified that with the increased commercialization of the sports industry there is quite a lot of money at stake and this has warranted the interest of economists seeking to explore the available possibilities on streamlining the sports industry to a point where it is self sustaining and stable. This interest has increased the amount of interest that authors have on the issue and this has come with varied theories on competitive balance. This paper seeks to critic the works of different authors who have discussed the issue of competitive advantage as it has been applied successfully as well as unsuccessfully in the sports fraternity. This is done in regard to the journal articles written by Szymanski, (2001), on ‘Income inequality, competitive balance and the attractiveness of team sports: some evidence and a natural experiment from English soccer’; Sanderson, (2002), on ‘The Many Dimensions of Competitive Balance’; Tonaz zi, (2003), on ‘Competition policy and the commercialization of sport broadcasting rights: the decision of the Italian Competition Authority’; Berri, et al. (2005), on ‘The Short Supply of Tall People: Competitive Imbalance and the National Basketball Association’;Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Szymanski, (2007), on ‘The champions league and the Coase theorem’; Lewis, (2008), on ‘Individual Team Incentives and Managing Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues: An Empirical Analysis of Major League Baseball’; Szymanskiw Sennez, (2004) on Competitive balance and gate revenue sharing in team sports; Marburger, (1997), on ‘Gate revenue sharing and luxury taxes in professional sports’ and finally, Palomino Rigotti, (2000), on ‘The Sport League’s Dilemma: Competitive Balance versus Incentives to Winâ €™. Summary of the articles All the authors seem to agree on the particular aspect of revenue allocation as it is meant to satisfy their shared theories on team finance. One notes that they all agree on the sharing of gate fees as well as particular match endorsements between different teams participating in a match or tournament. The issue that one notes they mostly differ on is that of team motivation (Szymanski, 2007). This is in regard to the particular monetary incentives that winning teams enjoy, which some of the losing teams traditionally miss out on (Tonazzi, 2003). This incentive is supposed to encourage teams to invest more in their winning tactics and this makes the sport more competitive. While it may be identified by most of these authors that the adoption of competitive balancing techniques is supposed to bring in some level of equality in the sports industry, the particular theories that they have identified tend to undermine the basic principles of competitive s portsmanship (Szymanski, 2001). It has been identified that in any industry that has a business twist to itself there must be some level of competition, which is meant to spur innovative as well as creative sportsmanship (Berri, et al. 2005). This should not only be limited to the sporting events themselves, but it should apply to the particular management as well as the marketing of the sports teams themselves (Palomino Rigotti, 2000). The authors identify that there is a particular interest in the need to improve the collective bargaining of team managers as well as players in regard to the specific revenues that they rake in from the sports events that they participate in.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Competitive Balance in the Sports Fraternity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been noted that the more the income that teams manage to acquire from matches the better placed they are in negotiating better paying sports events (Szymanski, 2001). This is in regard to the number fans that attend a particular math that they are participating in. It is also means that the more competitive a team is the higher it is ranked and the better performed or rather talented a team is the higher its chances of it being ranked as a competitive team (Szymanski, 2007). The identification of the particular value that the game has on the fans means that while most teams may be raking in a lot of money from their rival teams in away matches, they still have to invest heavily in a talented and high performing squad of players (Marburger, 1997). Theoretical premise While the authors may be identified to introduce a new concept in the balance of resources in the sporting fraternity to promote competitiveness, some level of debate still prevails as the application of most of the theories generated by researchers seem to be useless in an environment where there are too many human factors to be included in the strategic management of teams. It has been identified that most of the fans in as far as sports is concerned act irrationally and do not conform to the particular business theories that are often applied in other sectors of the economy (Tonazzi, 2003). The need to understand fan perceptions and behavior has been overlooked in the theories advanced by most of the authors as well as researchers as they only evaluate the contribution made by fans with no regard the particular aspects of the teams that draws fans into the stadiums (Szymanski, 2001). It has been identified that fans are mostly attracted by the need for entertainment. In this case, entertainment means that they should be in a position to sit through the entire match and enjoy competitive sports (Lewis, 2008).Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This raises the question of where the competitive balance should be based. While most authors identify that the competitive balance should be driven by the equitable distribution of resources, the needs of the fans may be ignored if the resources are not identified to flow from the gate payments made by the fans (Szymanskiw Sennez, 2004). The need to share gate fees should be followed by an evaluation of the repercussions in regard to the performance of the teams. This is especially after the identification that while most teams are motivated to perform better and even nature their talents more, some may be free riding on the notion that their appearance in particular matches warrants them an equal share on the gate fees collected on that particular event (Sanderson, 2002). While most of the authors may be identifying the need to increase the cooperation the different between team managers to a point where they share the particular financial resources that are reaped from a common match between their different teams will increase their competitive balance, the fact still remains that they may be killing the competitive force behind the sports, which is responsible for customer loyalty (Berri, et al. 2005). Evaluation It is identified that while most of these authors may be approaching competitive balancing from an equality point of view, the need to identify the particular drivers of the sporting industry has been overlooked (Sanderson, 2002). This is in regard to the particular interest that talents in the sports fraternity attract as it is identified that the best performing players are paid more than their less performing counterparts (Szymanski, 2007). With the adoption of equality and balance among the different competitors the superiority enjoyed by those who perform better than others fades and this reduces the financial performance of the whole sports industry (Tonazzi, 2003). This has some obvious repercussions in as far as incomes are concerned and this cannot be ignored due to the particular value of sports in various economies in the world. It has been identified that reduced performance in the NFL for instance would be a great loss to the American economy due to the balance of payments that the tournaments rake in (Lewis, 2008). The English premier league has as a matter of fact been identified to be one of the greatest contributors to the English as well as the European economies due to the particular amounts of revenues that it rakes in. These are often split among the teams and the stadiums while the governments end up collecting substantial amounts of taxes at the same time (Sanderson, 2002). On the other hand, there are the lucrative European leagues that are responsible for the economies of various countries in Europe with Britain enjoying the bulk of the incomes drawn from sports. The incomes that are often enjoyed by television stations that air different matches are another line of income that should be incorporate d into the whole competitive balance equation (Szymanskiw Sennez, 2004). This is especially after it was identified that the interests of advertisers as well as television stations and newspapers that inform the public on the performance of different teams as well as the results of different matches, lie with the fans who are in a position to pay for the services rendered by the stations and newspapers (Lewis, 2008). The need to create a level playing for different teams in sports tournaments is identified to particularly conflict with the need to increase competitiveness and promote sports. This is especially after it was identified that while competitive balance seems to encourage teams to participate more, it doesn’t seem to encourage them to perform better (Berri, et al. 2005). This particular strategy seems to be encouraging free loaders who make money through their appearance in matches, but do not really put an effort in performing. The need to win has made most sport s teams to invest more in procuring quality and talented players and while this may be identified as just another competitive move the motives lie in the business aspect of the sport where team managers identify that they may be able to rake in more incomes if their fans are impressed even more with their new players (Szymanski, 2007). Some of the authors actually identify that there is a need to create some form of fan loyalty through team performance. What they do not actually identify is the need to research on the particular drivers behind fan loyalty (Marburger, 1997). While most of the authors identify that some level of fan loyalty is based on the financial performance of the teams that they are fanatics of, they overook the sporting aspect of it and do not identify that some of the fans are drawn to support some of the teams due to their love for the sport as well as the professionalism and talent portrayed by the various members of the teams (Szymanskiw Sennez, 2004). The need to attract better talents obviously corresponds to the need to increase the team’s fan base. This then translates in more income for the team (Sanderson, 2002). On the other hand, there are the advertisements as well as the endorsements that various teams enjoy due to their superior performance in the league. The advertisements or rather sports endorsements mainly stem from market research where the influence of a particular team to a particular population of fans is identified and used in the equating of fan support to revenue from sales (Lewis, 2008). Companies identify that most fans who love the particular sport will often choose to watch competitive matches where they are more likely to get the desired level of entertainment (Berri, et al. 2005). This market research informs investors as well as endorsement partners on the teams to put their money into as this has to translate to financial results in terms if increased sales. This is the reason behind the observatio n that most of the authors proposing competitive balance theories have no idea of the business motivations behind the success of the teams even though they identify that the monetary gains from endorsements advertisements and gate fees are especially crucial to not only the short run success of the teams, but their long-term success as well (Szymanski, 2001). Conclusion What most of these authors do not identify are the particular drivers behind the sport’s success no matter their nature as they seem to have no interests in identifying the particular reasons why there is a need to increase team motivation from their internal structures rather that sharing of external resources (Tonazzi, 2003). Most of the incomes that are enjoyed by clubs are sourced from the fans that frequent the stadiums during matches. Stakeholders in the industry identify that the need to woo in more supporters who will frequent the match event has forced most sports franchises that in this case most aut hors identify as mere teams, to market themselves to a variety of audiences (Szymanskiw Sennez, 2004). It is, therefore, safe to conclude that the different authors are biased to the ethical forces of the sporting industry while they ignore the financial and economic forces that operate naturally in the market, which have the tendency to balance themselves out and promote the growth of the industry in general. References Berri, D. et al. (2005). The Short Supply of Tall People: Competitive Imbalance and the National Basketball Association. Journal of Economic Issues. 34(4), 1029-1041. Lewis, M. (2008).Individual Team Incentives and Managing Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues: An Empirical Analysis of Major League Baseball. Journal of Marketing Research. XLV(I), 535–549. Marburger, D., R. (1997). Gate revenue sharing and luxury taxes in professional sports. Contemporary Economic Policy. 15(1), 114-123. Palomino, F, Rigotti, L. (2000). The Sport League’s Dilemma: Co mpetitive Balance versus Incentives to Win. Applied Economics. 14(1), 1-34. Sanderson, A., R. (2002). The Many Dimensions of Competitive Balance. Journal of Sports Economics. 3(2), 204–228. Szymanski, S. (2001). Income inequality, competitive balance and the attractiveness of team sports: some evidence and a natural experiment from English soccer. The Economic Journal. 111(1) 69-84. Szymanski, S. (2007). The champions league and the Coase theorem. Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 54(3), 355-373. Szymanskiw, S, Sennez, S. (2004). Competitive balance and gate revenue sharing in team sports. The Journal of Industrial Economics. LII(1), 165-177. Tonazzi, A. (2003). Competition policy and the commercialization of sport broadcasting rights: the decision of the Italian Competition Authority. International Journal of the Economics of Business. 10(1), 17–34. This article on Competitive Balance in the Sports Fraternity was written and submitted by user Molecule Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Reed Surname Meaning and Origin

Reed Surname Meaning and Origin The Reed surname has a number of possible derivations: A descriptive name or nickname signifying a person with red hair or a ruddy complexion, deriving from the Old English read meaning red.A topographical surname for someone who lived in a clearing in woodland, deriving from the Olde English ried, ryd.A geographical name from any of the various places called Read or Reed. Reed is the 65th most popular surname in the United States. The REID spelling of the surname is extremely common in Scotland, where it is ranked #11. Surname Origin: EnglishAlternate Surname Spellings: REID, RIED, READ, READE, REEDEGenealogy Resources for the Surname REED: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Reed Name Meaning Family History An overview of the Reed surname meaning, plus subscription-based access to genealogical records on Reed families around the world from Ancestry.com. REED Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Reed surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Reed query.FamilySearch - REED Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Reed surname and its variations.REED Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Reed surname.Cousin Connect - REED Genealogy Queries: Read or post genealogy queries for the surname Reed, and sign up for free notification when new Reed queries are added.DistantCousin.com - REED Genealogy Family History: Free databases and genealogy links for the last name REED. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Financial Crisis in South Korea in 1997 Research Paper

Financial Crisis in South Korea in 1997 - Research Paper Example The ration between GDP and foreign reserves was less than 30%. It was the lowest ration throughout the developing countries at global scale, even less than several advanced countries as well. Annual budget had also a balanced composition. Therefore, due to this macro analysis, numbers of economic institutions including IMF had no idea of occurrence of an economic crisis that had affected Southeast Asian countries during the summers of 1997 (5). The crisis was so massive that lots of financial experts had predicted a likely sovereign default of South Korea. South Korea, after great struggle, could hardly manage to survive by getting support from IMF, friendly countries, and several other institutions. The extent of economic downturn of South Korea can be evaluated and measured more accurately by utilizing the five macroeconomic parameters i.e. GDP rate, Inflation rate, Unemployment rate, and Interest rate. Korean GDP rate observed a steady phase during 1990 to 1996 as it remained betw een 5.9 to 9.4% with an average growth of about 7.9% per year. Due to financial crisis and reduced exports, the GDP growth experienced a downward trend in 1997. It dropped to a negative 6.8% in 1998. Mishkin and Hahm (2000) described four basic factors which as a combined effect lead to the financial instability. These factor include financial deterioration in in terms of balance sheets, increasing interest rates, worsening of nonfinancial balance sheets, and upturn in uncertainty. All these factors were rightly observed as a source of financial crisis in South Korea. Due to prompt survival of national economy and by the help of IMF, a recovery was observed in 1999 and 2000 (Hardy & Pazarbasioglu, 1998). The main objectives of this paper are to analyze the historical perspective of different economic policies in different political regimes and what did they contribute as well as to discuss the factors that contributed towards this credit-crunch. The role of IMF is discussed briefly that how it affected and supported the country financially. At the end of the paper, a conclusion is drawn, based upon different policies and findings, and few recommendations are suggested for the Korean government in terms of future perspectives. Economic Policies and Performances After independence in 1945, South Korea observed a great financial progress as well as declining phases. These economic ups and downs have been based on numbers of different economic policies which have been devised by different governments in different scenario. These policies could be the reconstructing of institutions (1945-1961), export promotion and growth policies (1961-1972), recovery and stabilization (1973-1981), adjustment and expansion era (1982-1996) or the two economic crisis of 1997 and 2008. The economic policies which were enforced during the regime of Park Chung-Hee are characterized as the government-led model, also referred to as the statist approach (Alice, 1992). This type of policy, the role of government is most important because it is the authority to formulate all the structures and designs of economic policies and then ensures its implementation (Caporaso & Levine, 1992). Park’

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Essay - 2

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies - Essay Example The organization represents the actual market penetration of 82%. In addition, the organization sells mobility of accurate voice and data through significant wireless services. Business Level Strategies of AT&T AT&T is one of the most popular telecommunications brand in global market place. The organization followed unique business level strategy to enhance their business performances. Business level strategy includes cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy. Implementation of effective business level strategy helped the organization to become one of the strongest global brands within the telecommunication industry. Business level strategy of AT&T has been described below. Cost Leadership strategy The organization focuses on the reduction of business operation cost in order to offer the products to the end customers in a reasonable price. This competitive pricing strategy helped the organization to achieve the leading spot in the US telecommunication indu stry. For example, the organization provides several effective services, such as Rollover Minutes and Family Unit Plan. The organization reduced the service processing cost to deliver the services in a low price level. Moreover, the organization has implemented several niche marketing strategies. The organization provides, TDMA, UMTS and GSM service in minimal price to their clients. Effective cost leadership strategy helped the organization to develop significant client base. Differentiation Strategy Effective product and service differentiation strategy helped AT&T to meet the market demand and customer satisfaction level. The organization collaborated with Apple Corporation. AT&T started to sell their GSM and Wireless services through the iPhones. The organization is successfully acquiring leading global clients. It is helping them to secure effective market share. Unique accord to the competitive global market place has effectively differentiated the brand from its existing glob al competitors (Brenton, 2007). Utilization of wide spectrum offers exclusive video conferring service to its target customers. Focus Strategy AT&T is the only telecommunication organization in US that committed effective customer service. The organization has implemented effective niche marketing strategy. People can get linked and connected with each other in any place through the efficient telecommunication and broadband service of AT&T. The organization effectively diversified their business operation in several emerging global markets. AT&T provides HSPDA, Voice PTT, Video Sharing and Voice-IP services to its global customers. In addition, exclusive channel exposure helped AT&T to achieve potential competitive advantages. Question 2 The successful story of AT&T portrays 130 years old history. The giant telecommunication service provider effectively served the US customers through exclusive telecommunication service. From the foundation of AT&T by Graham Bell to the modern era, the global telecommunication industry has astonishingly evidenced various key events of the organization. This part of the study will determine the corporate level strategies of AT&T. Corporate Level Strategies Telephone was introduced by Graham Bell in the year 1875. After the successful establishment, the organization has diversified their business operations in various emerging global market place. AT&T follows vertical integration structure in the organization.

Business contract of sale of goods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business contract of sale of goods - Case Study Example This can be illustrated in the case of Thompson v. Robinson Gun makers (1955)2 here D purchased a standard Vanguard car from P and later P refused to accept the delivery of it. P's profit on the sale would have been 61 pounds, but D argued that they were not liable for this amount, since the profit would still be made when the car was sold to another customer. The court rejected this argument since the supply of this model exceeded the demand. Therefo0re if P had found another customer he could have sold a car to him in addition to selling a car to D. In this case where Roger is the driver of Reptiles-To-Go he is acting as a servant of the master, therefore any act arising from him during the course of his duty the master will be held liable .This means that Arthur who was hit by Roger will have to sue the master (Reptile-To-Go) for injury he sustained both in person and property. The rule here is that a master is held liable for the damages of his servants that are committed within the course of his employment .The tortuous act must be a wrongful way of doing what the employee is employed to do. In Limpus v. London General Omnibus Co.1862 3, a bus driver whilst racing a bus caused on the accident .his employees hold liable because he was doing what he was employed to do i.e. driving a bus although in an improper way (K Abbott, K. Ward man .Business law, 7th edition 2001) Contrast Beard v. London general omnibus Co. (1900)4 a bus conductor attempted to turn a bus around at the end of its route and in doing so he caused an accident. His employers were not held liable since he was employed only to collect fares and not drive buses. Therefore the employer will always be held liable for the acts of the servant even if the employee acts contrary to clear instructions. Rose v. plenty 19765 Q3. On the facts of case where Katie bought some nut that should have been suitable for feeding her pet pot -bellied pig Percy and they eventually died from the said nuts fall under sale by description. In this section the seller will be held responsible for any of the loss caused by the product in which he /she sold to the buyer and where the buyer relies on the seller's knowledge and skill .It is the duty of the seller to offer the buyer the best product that meets his/her description failure to which he will

The Thesis And Statement Of The Problem Finance Essay

The Thesis And Statement Of The Problem Finance Essay INTRODUCTION OF THE THESIS STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Introduction: This thesis consists of a collection of self-contained research papers within the part of credit risk and securitization. Still if they differ in focus and faculty, they have in universal that I have designed at writing thesis which has important in real-world with a helpful and relevant participation in my thesis of credit risk and securitization. These contributions are either participation to strategy discussions, new opinions and new angles to a continuing debate, accepted practices with the help of study or cleanly development of fresh models. My thesis will be helpful for those companies which really face credit risk and do not have any model to control it. In the beginning of the writing thesis I faced a lot of problems in managing of data, but with the passage of time activities of research provided great knowledge about credit risk and securitization. This thesis will be helpful for me in future time, and it has a great importance for financial organizations. I was thinking, on basis of research on this topic, it is helpful for my job in these good organizations. I can give better performance on this job because it is my favorite area and I am specialist in it. A brief zoology of risks I view the risks faced by financial organizations as falling mainly into the following maximum collections: Market risk-the risk of sudden changes in prices or rates. Credit risk-the risk of changes in value related with sudden changes in credit quality. Liquidity risk-the risk that the costs of adjusting financial positions will boost significantly or that a firm will lose access to financing. Operational risk-the risk of fraud, systems failures, trading errors, and many other inside managerial risks. Systemic risk-the risk of stop working in open market or series of result default. Definitions of Credit risk Credit risk is a possibility that counterparty cannot perform the fixed obligation, including a possibility that the counterpartys credit risk will be reduced, which affect earnings and capital may support of financial organizations. Credit risk is very important as it involve credit department, which is a most important operation of financial organizations, both credits that are assets and contingent liabilities of the financial organizations. Credit risk is the risk of loss due to a counterparty defaulting on contract, or furthers normally the risk of loss suitable to some credit event. By tradition this applied to bonds where debt holders were worried that the counterparty to whom theyve made a loan might fail to pay on a payment (interest or original amount). Credit risk start from the possible that an obligor is either unwilling to achieve on a commitment or its capability to achieve such obligation is damaged resulting in financial loss to the bank. Credit risk is the up to date or future risk to earnings and capital happening from an obligors breakdown to meet up the conditions of any deal with the organizations or if an obligor otherwise not succeed to perform as contracted. The biggest source of credit risk is loans. However, credit risk exists all over the additional activities of the organizations equally on and off the balance sheet. In short, all the credit risks definitions provide same level of conclusion that if credit risk is greater than inspective so organizations will be suffering financial loss in balance sheet. Credit Risk: Financial organizations and financiers face several types of risk. One of the major risks is credit risk. Over the past decade, credit risk was a most important problem existing in the financial organizations. Credit risk has been one of the most active areas of recent financial research. Credit risk consists of two components: default risk and spread risk. Default risk defines as any non-compliance with the exact arrangement of a deal and spread risk defines as decline in market value of the deal/ tool due to change in the credit quality of the debtor/ counterparty. Credit Risk Models have assumed valuable because they give the judgment creator with on the way or awareness that would not otherwise be with pleasure available or that could be marshaled at too expensive cost. In business, almost all organizations carry some credit risk, because most organizations do not demand up-front cash payment for all products delivered and services rendered. Instead, most organizations distribute the product or service, and then bill the customer, often specifying net 30 days payment, in which payment is supposed to be complete on the 30th day after distribute. Credit risk is carried for the period of that time. In a market where margins are fast failing and the demands to lower pricing are implacable, models give their clients a competitive edge. The credit risk models are planned to aid banks in measuring, aggregating and managing risk across environmental and product lines. The results of these models also play more and more significant roles in banks risk administration and outcome measurement methods, client profitability analysis, risk-based pricing, active collection management and capital makeup decisions. Credit risk modeling may outcome in improved internal risk management and may have the possible to be used in the decision-making oversight of financial organizations. Credit risk analysis (finance risk analysis, loan default risk analysis) and credit risk management is essential to financial organizations which give credit to businesses and individuals. Credit can arise for different reasons: motor vehicle purchase finances bank mortgages (or home loans), credit card purchases, installment purchases, and so on. Credit loans and finances have risk of being defaulted. To understand risk levels of credit users, credit contributors normally collect huge amount of information on borrowers. Statistical predictive analytic techniques can be used to analyze or to determine risk levels involved in credits, finances, and loans, i.e., default risk levels. (Internal) credit score is a numerical rating of credit loans. It measures the level of risk of being defaulted. The level of default risk can be best predicted with analytical modeling. Credit scores can be measured in term of default probability or comparative geometric ratings. Managing credit risk is valuable for any organizations, and important resources are faithful to the task by large financial organizations with many customers. For large financial organizations, there may even be a credit risk department whose job it is to assess the financial health of their customers, and expand credit (or not) accordingly. For example, a distributor selling its products to a concerned vendor may challenge to minimize credit risk by reduction payment terms to net 15 days, or by actually selling less product on credit to the vendor, or even cutting off credit totally, and difficult payment in advance. These policies will possibly impact the distributors would-be sales, and basis smooth relationship with the vendor, but the distributor will end up better off if the vendor is delayed paying its bills, or, especially, if it failure to pay and say publicly bankruptcy. Definitions of Securitization Securitization a process whereby any Special Purpose Vehicle raises finances by issue of Term Finance Certificates or any other tools with the authorization of the relative authority of the country, for example, Pakistan commission (SECP) is authorization of the process for such purpose and uses such finances by making payment to the Originator and through such process obtains the title, property or right in the receivables or other assets in the form of actionable claims. There are lots of ways to explain securitization but in core, it is the financing or re-financing of earnings yielding assets by packaging them into a trade able form through an issue of government securities or further securities. There are three major kinds of securitization: true sale, synthetic and whole business (the final largely used in the England and, to a smaller size, continental Europe). In a true sale securitization, a organization sells assets to a special purpose vehicle which finances the purchase by issuing government securities to the capital markets. In a synthetic securitization, the organization does not sell any assets, but removes the risk of loss linked with certain of its assets to a Special purpose vehicle or a bank organization against payment by such of a premium or fee to the Special purpose vehicle. Whole business securitization is basically a secured loan granted by a Special purpose vehicle to the relevant organization. To contribution the loan, the Special purpose vehicle uses profits of government securities issued into the capital markets whereby the organization grants security over most of its assets in favor of the government securities holders. Since it is important for the whole work out to be a case of transfer of receivables by the originator, not a borrowing on the security of the receivables, there is a legal transfer of the receivables to a separate entity. In legal parlance, transfer of receivables is called assignment of receivables. It is also necessary to ensure that the transfer of receivables is respected by the legal system as a genuine transfer, and not as mere eyewash where the reality is only a mode of borrowing. In other words, the transfer of receivables has to be a true sale of the receivables, and not merely a financing against the security of the receivables. Securitization: Securitization is the procedure of financing the cost of originating or carrying economic assets. Those economic assets include responsibilities of clients originated by financial organizations or such as mortgage loans credit card receivables, student loans and student loans, trade receivables, and corporate bonds and loans. Financing arises during the issuance of asset-backed securities. In an asset-backed securities securitization, financial assets which are naturally illiquid, but exchange into cash in accordance with their conditions within a definite time. Financial assets are pooled and converted into asset-backed securities (which are then typically offered and sold in the capital markets). Mortgage backed securitizations and asset backed securitizations, or more usually, the securitization of economic assets, securitization is a form of structured finance firstly developed in the early 1970s in mortgage backed securitization format. It full-grown in the late 1970s in both mo rtgage backed securitizations and asset-backed securitizations formats. In current years, it has reach to Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia (mainly Japan, India). In Pakistan market of securitization growing in recent year because international body of securitization improved the regulations according to Islamic structure for Muslim countries and these regulations match with international securitization transaction. Pakistan play lead role in Islamic securitization all over the Muslim countries. The local controllers have usually encouraged searching and introducing multiple asset-backed financing formations at large. While the whole banking and non-banking financial areas are now facing troubling due to worldwide financial disorder, pointed increase can be seen on the heel of Islamic securitization during contribution by private and commercial sectors. In its simplest form a Securitization require (1) the sale of a huge pool of Receivables by an person (Originator) that makes such Receivable in the line of its business to a bankruptcy-remote, special purpose entity in a way that meet the requirements as a true sale and is planned to reach definite results for accounting purposes, as well as caring the Receivables from the claims of creditors of the person (Originator), and (2) the issuance and sale by the special purpose entity, in either a private assignment or public offering, of obligation securities that are afterward fulfilled from the proceeds of and protected by the Receivables. When the Securitization is stopped up, finances run from the buyers of the Securities to the Issuer and from the Issuer to the inventor (Originator). Statement of the problem This research aim is to take action and analyze the following questions and interviews have been performing from the companies officer to receive information accordingly. What is method for control the credit risk in organizations? The purpose of Securitization in the Corporate Sector? The features of Securities to make its attractiveness? Why the investors are interested to invest in Asset-Backed Securities? Why Islamic securitization important in Muslim world? Does securitization reduce credit risk for the financial organizations? How the Asset-backed Securities have minimized credit risk for the financial organizations? To understand the role of banks and credit rating agencies in the Securitization. Determine the working of factoring for reduce the credit risk and define the benefit of factoring? What are the future prospects of Asset Backed Securitization in Pakistan and all over world? Define securitization costs and expense? How credit  scoring individual customer? How can minimize credit risk through securitization? What is the method of managing the credit risk and how to improve credit risk management? importance of the study The information technology and artificial results have been powerful the businesses of the worldwide economies. To deal with the different risks linked with the businesses, the businessmen have to come up with modern solutions and separate credit risk department and securitizations are one of them. All over the world companies face different type of risk in businesses including marketing risk, operational risk and credit risk. To deal with these risks and improved the financial position of the organization and increase the annual profit of the share holders (owners), they have to pick the positive modern solutions. If mangers of the organizations want to minimize the credit risk so securitization is one of the techniques picked by the organization. In the way, organizations achieved target profits and financial position without any loss of the operating, financial and market of the organization. Study of the credit risk and securitization is allows development new models and techniqu es in the capital market which ultimately create new and more investment chance in the capital market which provide large number of profit to the financial organizations. Study of the credit risk shows, at liberty Asia appeasing Credit Risk Management: 2006-2011 spend estimate and Analysis, local investments in credit risk functions for three purposeful systems, defaults chance judgment, credit collection management systems, and worldwide limits management systems are estimated to compound at a collection percentage of 16.6 per cent annually to US$1.74 billion by 2011. If organizations want to reduce credit risk so growth for successful performance of credit risk, financial organizations need to improve their IT functions for information collection and the interior rating process, categorize proper greatest practices and building ability. Study of credit risk and securitization have very important for any organizations because credit risk accounting for at least two-thirds of their on the whole risk, the financial organizations have the leading holder for credit risk functions. According to research of credit risk controller that if organizations want to reduce credit risk so buildup credit risk departments in the organizations for control the credit risk independence and working of credit risk department that manage the securitization procedures and improved the internal rating process and fairing collection the data about customer and country political issue. Political issue plays a lead role for unsystematic credit risk. In addition, these studies evaluate the opportunity where this idea of securitization can be effectively applied. The study not only points the current companies who have already accepted the securitization but also useful for the potential companies. Delimitation of the study This research was performed within the following limitations: Only financial organizations in the first market level of the Lahore and Karachi Stock Exchange was included in this research. Joint finances were also excluded. All the steps involved in this research process were completed within a two month period (December to February 2010-2011). This place a limit on the overall level of the study. The Lahore and Karachi Stock Exchange is relatively new in the field of credit risk and securitization. This impacts the amount of information available for me. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES Background Credit risk and securitization is not new team for any businessman in the capital market. A lot of the articles, books, research papers and regulations are available in internet and library. I get help from a lot of articles and books for writing a thesis of credit risk and securitization. My work is distribution into two elements: selecting articles and summarizing results. I have read 135 plus articles, books, and research papers of different authors of all over the world for clear understanding of credit risk and securitizations. My literature search starts with electronic full-text databases and Economic Papers, using searching term credit risk and securitization in the title or keywords. Literature Credit risk occurs from the option that the issuer of an asset back securitization, generally a special purpose vehicle, may default on its liabilities. Since the special purpose vehicle is usually controlled to have no assets or business other than holding the securitized assets, the main focal point is on the cash flow from the assets themselves. The most significant option to be considered is default by the underlying borrowers, such as the car owners in the case of automobile loan securitization. While a small but expected loan loss ratio is controllable, the rating agencies must deeply analyze the difference in default and crimes rates and calculates any factors that might activate a growth in defaults. The growth of a possible control of credit risk and securitization market is very dependent upon the authorized and regulatory framework that is position provides sufficient security for investors. The financial organizations, investors, banks and development companies were attractive to perform the securitization for control credit risk. It is therefore, different agreement concerning the current and future receivables of the development companies have been performed through asset backed securitization in different business sectors of the country i.e. leasing sector, oil sector, construction areas, telecom sector, and public sector. Credit risk identification Valuable credit risk identification starts with individual credit measurement. Financial organizations should rate credit value of individual customer commonly. Some financial organizations may concern relative rating. Some rate by kind of credits or transactions. Some apply both relative rating and rating by kind of credits or transactions. Risk rating should also be practical to off-balance sheet transactions. The rating process should be transmission commonly so that adjusts in credit quality will be agreed in time. Such will help the management in revising the policy as well as closely monitor the non-performing loans within a suitable time period. In addition to risk rating, there should be a assessment and analysis of every section and the overall selection to ensure the accepted risk rating. Development analysis, change in risk level and weighted average risk level should be incorporated with other information such as past due trend, credit growth, and the extent of policy exception to help in the analysis of asset quality and credit risk. The principle of valuable risk management is identifying all possible credit risks in the products and transactions through a detailed review of credit risk element in the products and transactions. New products that can incur risk should be given much interest in the new product planning process. Close and careful monitoring should be carried out to ensure that the risks are identified and appropriately managed. Adequate guidelines and control procedures should be specified before the new products and transactions are projected or introduced. Moreover, the new products and transactions should be approved by the board of directors or other suitable committee. Credit risk measurement Financial organizations should have a correct and dependable system to measure credit risk of individual customer in accord with the quality, refund ability and kind of credits or businesses, equally on- and off-balance sheet credit transactions and bank account transactions. This is so that level of risk can be correctly measured, monitored and controlled. To have valuable risk measurement, financial organization should carry on as follows: Formulate a policy and strategy in risk measurement and the impact on financial organizations. Formulate risk measurement processess which is working in high level management which is relative to measuring credit risk. Clear customer segmentation and regular assessment of credit application. Assess the current level of loan loss provisioning against credit risk. That is, even when financial organizations have high level of risk; sufficient amount of provisioning can help reduce against the overall credit risk. Financial organizations should use suitable ratios to test whether the level of loan loss provisioning is practical. Ratio analysis will make known the trend of relationship between loan loss provision with different factors such as non-performing assets and normal loans pass due loans, and stop increased debts, credits and contingent liabilities. Credit risk Monitoring and controlling For reducing credit risk on account of such off balance sheet contacts, financial organizations may accept a multiplicity of measures some of which are showed below: Financial organization must make sure that the security, which is obtainable to the funded lines, also covers the latter of credit lines and the guarantee facilities. On some events, it will be suitable to take a charge over the fixed assets as well, particularly in the case of long-term guarantees. In the case of guarantees covering agreement, financial organization must make sure that the regulars have the necessary technical skills and experience to perform the agreements. The value of the agreements must be definite on a case-by-case basis, and break up limits should be set up for every one agreement. The growth about physical and economic displays should be monitored on a regular basis, and any slippages should be highlighted in the credit review. The policy to authorize non-finance facilities with an observation to increase earnings should be suitably balanced about the risk concerned and comprehensive only after a careful assessment of credit risk is undertaken. Feature of Securitization A securitized tool, as compared to a direct maintain on the issuer, will normally have the following features: Marketability The very important principle of securitization is to make sure marketability to economic claims. Hence, the tool is prepared so as to be marketable. This is one of the most important features of a securitized device, and the others that follow are mostly significant only to make sure this one. The conception of marketability involves two hypothesizes: (a) The authorized and general option of marketing the instrument; (b) The reality of a market for the instrument. Securitization is a misleading notion unless the securitized product is marketable. The very reason of securitization will be defeated if the device is full on to a few expert investors without any chance of having a liquid market therein. Liquidity to a securitized device is given either by launching it into an organized market or by one or more agencies acting as market makers in it, that is, approving to buy and sell the tool at either fixed or market-determined prices. Merchantable Quality To be market-tolerable, a securitized product has to have a merchantable quality in capital market. The idea of merchantable quality in case of physical produce is something which is suitable to merchants in regular trade. When applied to economic products, it would mean the economic obligations embodied in the tools are secured to the investors approval. To the investors approval is a qualified term, and therefore, the originator of the securitized device secures the device based on the needs of the investors. The universal rule is: the broader the base of the investors, the less is the investors ability to attract the risk, and hence, the more the need to securities. For generally distributed securitized tools, estimation of the quality, and its qualifications by an independent expert. The rating provides for the advantage of the position investor, who is otherwise not projected to be in a position to review the degree of risk involved. In securitization of receivables, the idea of quality experience drastic change making rating is a general requirement for securitizations. Hence, the quality of the maintain of the debtors believes significance, which at times enables to investors to rely simply on the credit-rating of debtors and so, create the device totally independent of the originators personal rating. Wide distribution The necessary principle of securitization is to distribute the product. The level of distribution which the originator would like to realize is based on a relative analysis of the costs and the benefits achieved thereby. Wider distribution guides to a cost-benefit in the common sense that the issuer is able to market the product with minor return, and hence, minor financial cost to him. But wide investor base involves costs of distribution and servicing. In observe, securitization issues are still hard for retail investors to recognize. Hence, most securitizations have been secretly placed with expert investors. However, it is possible that in to come, retail investors could be involved into securitized products. Special purpose vehicle In case the securitization needs any asset or claim which needs to be included and separate, that is, unless it is a shortest and unsecured claim on the issuer, the issuer will want an agent agency to act as a storage area of the asset or claim which is being securitized. Let us take the easiest example of a secured debenture, in concentrate, a secured loan from some investors. Here, security charge over the issuers some assets needs to be incorporated, and later broken down into marketable lots. For this purpose, the issuer will bring in an agent agency whose necessary job is to hold the security charge on behalf of the investors, and then issue documentations to the investors of valuable interest in the charge held by the intermediary. So, whereas the charge continues to be held by the intermediary, valuable interest therein becomes a marketable security. The same process is concerned in securitization of receivables, where the special purpose agent holds the receivables with it, and issues valuable interest documentation to the investors. Assets that can be securitized In essence, all assets which produce a cash flow can be securitized e.g. housing loans mortgage loans, credit card receivables, automobile loans, consumer loans, trade receivables, lease finance, etc. a perfectly and usual financial asset is usually securitized. A difference is generally made between asset securitization and mortgage securitization. Asset securitization is sheltered from a pool of loans and receivables though the mortgage backed securities are sheltered by residential or commercial mortgage loans however mortgage backed securities is a particular kind of asset backed securities. Process of securitization The process of creating asset backed securities is talk about in the following points: The Company sells its products and services on credit and this becomes the trade receivables or account receivables in the balance sheet of the company. Out of these receivables, the originator pools definite receivables jointly on the base of maturity and risk structures and sells these to a securitization company identified as Special Purpose Vehicle or Special Purpose Entity. The securitization company makes payment to the originator for the receivables purchased. These receivables are improved into a pool of securities by the securitization company for the reason of issuing Pass Through or Pay through Certificates. These Pay Through or Pass through Certificates are then charged by Credit Rating Agencies e.g. Pakistan Credit Rating Agencies (PACRA). The Pay Through or Pass through Certificates are sold to individual investors or Qualified Institutional Buyers. The gathering of receivables from debtors is obtained by Company itself in case of Pass through Certificates and by Securitization Company in case of Pay through Certificates. If gathering is made by the Company then it is under commitment to pass on the money to the securitization company. The securitization company after that makes payment to the investors. Why do issuers need securitization? These explanations the investors favor to invest in asset-backed securities: Securitization makes tools with reverse maturities, risks, vouchers, which is attractive to investors. Securitization is a prepared financial device i.e. customized to the risk-return and maturity needs of investors, rather than a trouble-free claim against an entity or asset. Asset-Backed Securitization offers and defer higher than devices with similar risk. This is appropriate to the credit value of the tools (generally AAA rated) and the credit development features. Asset-Backed Securitization offers a expected cash-flow. Investors purchase Asset-Backed Securities with self-belief that payments will take place at particular dates in the future. Asset-Backed Securities are protected by the fundamental assets; therefore they offer important security against lower by rating agencies to the issuer. It gives a chance to the investors to spread their investment collection by investing in these asset backed securities. Impact of securitization on the capital market The impact of securitization on capital market can be analyzed in the following points: Securitization decreases transaction costs in the capital market by generating a market for financial claims, which otherwise, would have continued illiquid, i.e. limited trading. Securitization saves intermediation costs, since the particular intermediary costs are service associated and usually lower. Securitization supports saving since it offers a security to investors with guaranteed interest or payments and an assertion of credit quality and security nets in the variety of trustee

Mind, Soul, Language in Wittgenstein Essay examples -- Philosophy Phil

Mind, Soul, Language in Wittgenstein ABSTRACT: I show that the latter Wittgenstein's treatment of language and the mind results in a conception of the human subject that goes against the exclusive emphasis on the cognitive that characterizes our modern conception of knowledge and the self. For Wittgenstein, our identification with the cognitive ego is tantamount to a blindness to our own nature — blindness that is entrenched in our present culture. The task of philosophy is thus transformed into a form of cultural therapy that seeks to awaken in us a sensitivity to different modes of awareness than the merely intellectual. Its substance of reflection becomes not only the field of conscious rational thought, but the tension in our nature between reason and vital feeling, that is, between culture and life. It is well known that Wittgenstein is responsible for two great moments in the philosophy of this century; the first initially and incorrectly identified with logical positivism, and the second even now considered as paradigm of Analytic philosophy. Insofar as identifications, both interpretations seem to me to show an imperfect and only partial understanding of Wittgenstein's philosophical motivations, but I do not intend to discuss that point on this opportunity. What is important to our present purposes is that what separates his two great works is his discovery of a kind of intellectual blindness produced by the almost exclusive predominance of one single conception of knowledge or rationality in our culture. The first signs of this philosophical shift are found in Wittgenstein's observations not specifically about language but rather about ritual practices, as they were considered in The Golden Bough. In his opini... ...of devotion their incessant, inevitable and essential tension. Notes (1) "Remarks on The Golden Bough", (OF), p. 58. (2) OF, p. 73; Cf. Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, II,  § 39-40, pp. 84-5. (3) OF, p. 78. (4) OF, p. 83. (5) All these attempts announce what Wittgenstein will call our "form of life". (6) Cf. Philosophical Investigations II, iv. (7) This example is derived form Stanley Cavell's discussions in: "Aesthetic Problems of Modern Philosophy" in: Must We Mean What We Say?, Cambridge University Press, 1969. (8) Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology, v.1,  § 313 (9) Cf. Marcia Cavell: The Psychoanalytic Mind: From Freud to Philosophy, Harvad University Press, Cambridge, 1993, p. 102. (10) Cà ©sar Vallejo, in El arte y la revolucià ³n, Lima, Mosca Azul Editores, 1973, p. 70 (11) Cf. Philosophical Investigations, II, xii

The Importance of a Quality Education

The quality of education in today†s school systems has gone down substantially due to many different factors. Some people disagree and go as far as saying that the quality of education is better, but many studies and expert testimonial will show that there has been a large downfall in how students are taught and how students learn compared to the past. This evidence will also show that the problems begin starting as early as the elementary level of school. One statement that is believed by some is that since the average teacher to student ratio has gone from 1:22 to 1:17 that tudents are getting more personal attention and their needs are being met better by teachers. However, just recently, in the studies of teacher to student ratio were special education and other reduced size classes added to the tally creating the illusion that the average class size is really smaller than it actually is. When in fact class sizes have generally stayed the same. In some cases classes have gotten bigger in certain states causing overcrowding which results in less personal attention. It also opens the door for students with learning disabilities to go unnoticed by teachers, urthering the damage to their education (NCES Fast Facts). Another false belief is that students of today are more literate that students of the past. This maybe true for the overall average but in recently it was noticed that in the period from 1980 to 1996 students in the age groups of nine, thirteen, and seventeen years, all saw a drop of at least one point on the Reading Proficiency Scale. From 1980 to 1996 students in the age group of nine years dropped three points. From 1992 to 1996 students in the age group of thirteen years dropped one point. Finally students in the ge group of seventeen years saw a drop of two points from 1984 to 1996 proving that students† scores in reading, although better than forty years ago, have seen a recent drop in the past fifteen to Students receiving a broad range of education is another common misconception. In a period of ten years from 1982 to 1992 the average number of vocational credits acquired by graduating high school seniors dropped from 4. 6 to 3. 8. Also seeing a drop in numbers was the average credits earned in specific labor market preparation classes which includes, agriculture, home economics and family consumer sciences, trade nd industrial, business, and law classes. Specific labor market preparation classes which in 1982 filled out 2. 9 of and average students high school credits dropped to bleak 2. 6 over ten years. This shows that students are sticking more to the basic core classes and college preparatory classes decreasing the overall knowledge gained by the secondary education level student (NCES Fast The last false observation noted in this paper is that students are learning things at earlier ages than in the past. This fact is true in some cases such as in technology and English, but in math lasses children start at an average level of learning and over the course of elementary and junior high tend to drop below average (Children). These drops are believed to be caused by students who learn certain subjects in one grade and then the same subjects may be covered in the next grade causing the student to become bored and uninterested in the material (Newcomb, 11). Recently it was noticed that the science skills of students between the fourth and eighth grade have dropped into what some call a slump. However, according to Dr. Gerald K. LeTendre, an assistant professor of education at Penn State, the drop is not due o a recent change in circumstances, but instead it is due to what Dr. LeTendre refers to as a â€Å"continuation of low gains from year to year. † â€Å"This continuation of low gains from year to year has continued for over twenty years and will keep dropping unless measures are taken to ensure the safety and quality of the students education,† commented LeTendre (Children). Yet another cause for this downfall in grades and test scores is pointed out by long time high school teacher, Ron P. Milder. In an interview on April 12, 1999 Milder suggested that the cause of this decrease is many factors, but one main factor is the outside istractions that are brought into school which take away from the students attention level. Many students now have jobs, sports practice and plays which they are involved in that take priority over school in a students mind. Another distraction Milder pointed out was that during his school days divorced parents were unheard of and in this day and age single parent families are about equal to two parent families which causes disruption in a students mind and also takes away from the students learning opportunities Another expert on education, Jean Piaget, believes that during the second stage of intellectual development children are ot given the proper amount of challenges to fully develop their potential which in turn slows them down in the remaining two stages of development. Piaget believes that in intellectual development four stages occur in the human brain the first being sensorimoror which occurs from birth to the age of two. The second, preoperational, occurs from age two to age seven. The third stage is concrete operational, which happens between ages seven and eleven. Finally the fourth is formal operational which is deductive reasoning, this occurs from age eleven and up. When the child can not express their full ability during the preoperational eriod they slow down their process of passing through the four stages. When this happens the student falls behind in learning and if the student is not shown the proper ways will only fall farther and farther behind as they grow older (Brainerd). One of the largest supporting pieces of evidence in the decrease of knowledge is the all mighty dollar. Money has, does, and always will play a large part in the way people make decisions and when it comes to teaching the money is short. Because of this many of the brightest minds who should be teaching go on to business where they can make double a teachers salary. Teaching is also a very stressful job including long hours and hard work. Some people who go into it don†t have the right mindset and end up quitting within the first few years (Milder). Another part of money is the funding of schools in the United States. Government funds to schools are sometimes not enough to cover all the costs so schools tend to cut back on what they should be getting more of. Many schools have out-dated construction and need to be rebuilt but funding comes up short so often they are left with a school that isn†t an adequate teaching or learning environment (Milder). Many of the problems existing in today†s schools are problems that can be fixed through time and vigorous effort, but the effort needs to be given by all sides of the problem. When only few people care about the problem nothing gets fixed. The problems should be addressed by a qualified group of experienced educators and students. The next goal would be to come up with possible solutions to the problems existing in today†s schools. After this is done the money needs to be raised and the appropriate measures need to be taken to relieve the problems that are eating away the education of today†s children.

Making an Argument about War

Making an Argument about War War historians, political analysts and researchers have demonstrated evidence that war is as old as mankind. In prehistoric era, civilizations used to engage in armed conflict fueled by factors such as population pressure, consolidation of geographical areas and conflict over resources (McPherson 12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Making an Argument about War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Presently, countries still engage in war for many other reasons that were absent during the prehistoric era, such as fighting terrorism, driving dictatorial political regimes out of power, and stopping other countries from developing weapons of mass destruction. Debate has been wide-ranging about the necessity of war in the 21st century, with anti-war advocates arguing that war is not a necessary ingredient to the progression of man (Landry para. 3), while war supporters counteract by arguing that war is necessary for the advan cement and stability of the world. It is against this background that this paper aims to outline arguments demonstrating that war is still necessary in the 21st century despite its social, economic and political costs. It is indeed true that acts of war unnecessarily claim many innocent lives, particularly civilians who are caught in the crossfire and who have absolutely nothing to do with the war. The U.S. invasion of Iraq to dislodge Saddam Hussein bears witness to this fact as thousands of innocent Iraqis lost their lives while many more were maimed. The economic cost of the Second Gulf War is hard to quantify for both the invaders and the aggressed nation. But from the utilitarian perspective, the Iraq war is justified since it achieved a greater good to a large number of Iraqis, not mentioning that the world in general and the Middle East in particular became more stable after Saddam was dethroned and a new political order instituted (McPherson 15). Today, many more Iraqis enjo y a whole new range of freedoms and rights that they could not dare to ask under the dictatorial leadership of Saddam Hussein. Consequently, this war was justified by the virtue of the fact that most Iraqis can now enjoy their democratic rights and human rights, and people are no longer coerced to live in fear. Some political leaders, especially in Africa, have been known to refuse to hand over power even after serving as presidents for decades. Recently, the world learned with shock how Tunisians have been subjected to the same president, Ben Ali, for over two-and-half decades.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presently, NATO forces are engaged in removing yet another political demagogue in the name of Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, who has been in power for over four decades but has flatly refused to cede power. Using the jus ad bellum (just cause) perspective (Suzuki 3), it can be argued that NATO forces are justified to participate in such a war that will benefit Libyans, economically, socially, and politically, once the heavy lid of the their dictatorial president is lifted. However, necessary caution need to be taken when progressing such an offensive to ensure that Gaddafi soldiers and his military installations, not civilians, become the target of the NATO bombings. This will make the military campaign and any other military campaigns undertaken to dislodge static and unyielding political regimes more justified, permissible and valid. The U.S. is currently engaged in undertaking preemptive attacks against terrorist targets in Afghanistan, Iraq and in other parts of the world. Critics, human rights activists and other lobby groups have criticized these preemptive attacks, arguing that they only contribute to loss of lives and destruction of infrastructure. It would be irresponsible to support this line of argument while turning a blind eye on wh at befell innocent Americans in the infamous 9/11 terrorist attacks on U.S. soil. According to the consequentialism view, the U.S., and indeed any other country, is justified to wage war on terrorists using preemptive attacks to destabilize the terror networks since such a policy will occasion the best overall balance of good over bad (Suzuki 9). Although it’s sad that a few innocent lives are lost during such preemptive attacks, the desire to prevent hundreds or even thousands of innocent lives that these terrorists are waiting with baited breadth to decimate renders justification to the war. Lastly, some countries are known to attack their neighbors with a view to forcefully extract precious natural resources from them. It can be remembered that Iraq under Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait for her gas, while Uganda, located in Africa, sent her troops to the Democratic Republic of Congo to forcefully extract gold and diamonds. In such invasions, the aggressed states are justifi ed to go to war against the aggressors to protect their resources. Borrowing from the traditional view, â€Å"†¦war is permissible if and only if it is fought as being necessary to defend the attacked party from aggression† (Suzuki 5). It is therefore irresponsible for an aggressed state to sit back and watch her civilians being massacred by an aggressor who is only interested in extracting or ‘stealing’ resources for enrichment. To conclude, this paper has comprehensively engaged the utilitarian, just cause, consequentialist, and traditional perspectives to justify that war is still necessary in modern times. It is a well known fact that war initiates violence, which is generally impermissible in its nature and scope (Suzuki 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Making an Argument about War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons given for going to war, however, weigh heavily on the purs uit of a peaceful and stable world. Leaders and countries therefore need to be particularly careful not to tamper with factors, conditions or situations that may render justification to war. Landry, P. â€Å"On War.† 2011. Retrieved from blupete.com/Literature/Essays/BluePete/War.htm McPherson, J.M. This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007 Suzuki, M. War and Massacre. 2006

Free Essays on Communications Situations

, pictures and consistency, such as Woolworths supermarket’s television advertisements are practicing. They are able to create a memorable slogan ‘The Fresh Food People’ for the Project Fresh campaign since 1986. The colour sc... Free Essays on Communications Situations Free Essays on Communications Situations Subject area: Communication situation is the situation in which consumers receive information about products and services that has an impact on their behaviour (Neal 2004: 37). These information can be transmitted through the use of marketing communications, such as television , radio, direct mail, newspaper, flyers, internet – email, magazines. Television marketing is a non-personal mass media channel that transmits messages to reach a wide and often non-contiguous audience. The five decision areas in the creative side of marketing communication message execution are message storytelling, tone and style, words, pictures and consistency that can affect a consumer’s awareness (Duncan 2005: 308). After understanding the television commercial message, a consumer undergoes the consumer decision process and decision on his/her lifestyle. Research: In terms of television marketing, the message storytelling, seek to bring a big idea alive in an attention-getting and memorable advertisement. The example of news announcement uses a straightforward, factual presentation and emphasises an appeal to reason the usefulness for new and existing products (Duncan 2005:309). The example of Oral-B toothbrush and toothpaste in the television commercial uses a professional dentist to make the announcement of their products to produce informative and persuasive appeals to target the audiences. A clever slogan used by Oral-B is ‘The Brand More Dentists Use Themselves’, provides a straight-selling approach in this channel (Gillette 2004:1). Tone and style refers to the general atmosphere of expression that is used, can influence both positive and negative consumer behaviour, awareness and credibility. Words, pictures and consistency, such as Woolworths supermarket’s television advertisements are practicing. They are able to create a memorable slogan ‘The Fresh Food People’ for the Project Fresh campaign since 1986. The colour sc...